Introduction Large investment firms, often headquartered in London and authorized under ISD and later under MiFID, typically held substantial financial assets, with extensive portfolios of receivables from margin lending, trading books of exchange-traded and OTC...

Introduction The term “on-balance-sheet securitisations” has been coined to denote the type of transaction that was heretofore referred to as “synthetic securitisations”. This risk transfer method, used by banks, has a troubled history. The transfer of risk through...

Introduction The Basel II accord of 2004 introduced three methods to measure operational risk, a new risk domain around capital adequacy for banks. In practice most banks adhered to the most simplified method, the basic indicator approach, whilst a smaller subset of...